What type of reaction changes an alcohol to a carboxylate acid?

Transforming an alcohol into a carboxylate acid typically involves an oxidation reaction. In organic chemistry, oxidation refers to the process of increasing the oxidation state of a molecule, often through the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen. When alcohols are oxidized, especially primary alcohols, they first convert to aldehydes and then further oxidize to form carboxylic acids, which ultimately dissociate to their carboxylate forms depending on the pH of the solution.

Reagents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or potassium dichromate (Cr2O7^2-) are powerful oxidizing agents commonly used in this type of reaction. These agents facilitate the oxidation of the alcohol, allowing it to progress through the necessary intermediate stages to achieve the carboxylate acid.

The other reaction types listed do not lead to the formation of carboxylate acids from alcohols. Substitution reactions mainly involve the replacement of a functional group within a molecule, while addition reactions involve adding new atoms or groups across a double bond and do not result in the oxidation needed to form carboxylate acids. Polymerization reactions, on the other hand, involve the linking of small monomer units to form